Friday, December 30, 2011

The 2009-2014 Outlook for Electric Hand-Impact Wrenches Excluding Battery-Powered Types in the United States

The 2009-2014 Outlook for Electric Hand-Impact Wrenches Excluding Battery-Powered Types in the United States Review



This econometric study covers the latent demand outlook for electric hand-impact wrenches excluding battery-powered types across the states and cities of the United States. Latent demand (in millions of U.S. dollars), or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.) estimates are given across some 6,000 cities in the United States. For each city in question, the percent share the city is of it's state and of the United States is reported. These comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a city vis-a-vis others. This statistical approach can prove very useful to distribution and/or sales force strategies. Using econometric models which project fundamental economic dynamics within each state and city, latent demand estimates are created for electric hand-impact wrenches excluding battery-powered types. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved.


Thursday, December 29, 2011

The 2009 Report on Self-Propelled and Electric Motor-Powered Non-Riding Fork Lift and Other Work Trucks Fitted with Lifting and Handling Equipment: World Market Segmentation by City

The 2009 Report on Self-Propelled and Electric Motor-Powered Non-Riding Fork Lift and Other Work Trucks Fitted with Lifting and Handling Equipment: World Market Segmentation by City Review



This report was created for global strategic planners who cannot be content with traditional methods of segmenting world markets. With the advent of a "borderless world", cities become a more important criteria in prioritizing markets, as opposed to regions, continents, or countries. This report covers the top 2000 cities in over 200 countries. It does so by reporting the estimated market size (in terms of latent demand) for each major city of the world. It then ranks these cities and reports them in terms of their size as a percent of the country where they are located, their geographic region (e.g. Africa, Asia, Europe, Middle East, North America, Latin America), and the total world market.

In performing various economic analyses for its clients, I have been occasionally asked to investigate the market potential for various products and services across cities. The purpose of the studies is to understand the density of demand within a country and the extent to which a city might be used as a point of distribution within its region. From an economic perspective, however, a city does not represent a population within rigid geographical boundaries. To an economist or strategic planner, a city represents an area of dominant influence over markets in adjacent areas. This influence varies from one industry to another, but also from one period of time to another.

In what follows, I summarize the economic potential for the world's major cities for "self-propelled and electric motor-powered non-riding fork lift and other work trucks fitted with lifting and handling equipment" for the year 2009. The goal of this report is to report my findings on the real economic potential, or what an economist calls the latent demand, represented by a city when defined as an area of dominant influence. The reader needs to realize that latent demand may or may not represent real sales.


Wednesday, December 28, 2011

The 2011-2016 World Outlook for Electric and Battery-Powered Power-Driven Hand Tools

The 2011-2016 World Outlook for Electric and Battery-Powered Power-Driven Hand Tools Review



This econometric study covers the world outlook for electric and battery-powered power-driven hand tools across more than 200 countries. For each year reported, estimates are given for the latent demand, or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.), for the country in question (in millions of U.S. dollars), the percent share the country is of the region and of the globe. These comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a country vis-a-vis others. Using econometric models which project fundamental economic dynamics within each country and across countries, latent demand estimates are created. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved.

This study does not report actual sales data (which are simply unavailable, in a comparable or consistent manner in virtually all of the 230 countries of the world). This study gives, however, my estimates for the worldwide latent demand, or the P.I.E., for electric and battery-powered power-driven hand tools. It also shows how the P.I.E. is divided across the world's regional and national markets. For each country, I also show my estimates of how the P.I.E. grows over time (positive or negative growth). In order to make these estimates, a multi-stage methodology was employed that is often taught in courses on international strategic planning at graduate schools of business.


Tuesday, December 27, 2011

The 2011-2016 Outlook for Consumer Non-Riding Electric and Battery-Powered Lawnmowers in Greater China

The 2011-2016 Outlook for Consumer Non-Riding Electric and Battery-Powered Lawnmowers in Greater China Review



This econometric study covers the latent demand outlook for consumer non-riding electric and battery-powered lawnmowers across the regions of Greater China, including provinces, autonomous regions (Guangxi, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Xizang - Tibet), municipalities (Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, and Tianjin), special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and Taiwan (all hereafter referred to as "regions"). Latent demand (in millions of U.S. dollars), or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.) estimates are given across some 1,100 cities in Greater China. For each major city in question, the percent share the city is of the region and of Greater China is reported. Each major city is defined as an area of "economic population", as opposed to the demographic population within a legal geographic boundary. For many cities, the economic population is much larger that the population within the city limits; this is especially true for the cities of the Western regions. For the coastal regions, cities which are close to other major cities or which represent, by themselves, a high percent of the regional population, actual city-level population is closer to the economic population (e.g. in Beijing). Based on this "economic" definition of population, comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a city's marketing and distribution value vis-a-vis others. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved.


Monday, December 26, 2011

The 2009-2014 Outlook for Parts, Attachments, and Accessories for Electric-Powered Hand Tools Sold Separately Excluding Battery-Powered Types in India

The 2009-2014 Outlook for Parts, Attachments, and Accessories for Electric-Powered Hand Tools Sold Separately Excluding Battery-Powered Types in India Review



This econometric study covers the latent demand outlook for parts, attachments, and accessories for electric-powered hand tools sold separately excluding battery-powered types across the states, union territories and cities of India. Latent demand (in millions of U.S. dollars), or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.) estimates are given across over 4,200 cities in India. For each city in question, the percent share the city is of it's state or union territory and of India as a whole is reported. These comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a city vis-a-vis others. This statistical approach can prove very useful to distribution and/or sales force strategies. Using econometric models which project fundamental economic dynamics within each state or union territory and city, latent demand estimates are created for parts, attachments, and accessories for electric-powered hand tools sold separately excluding battery-powered types. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved.


Saturday, December 24, 2011

The 2011-2016 Outlook for Parts, Attachments, and Accessories for Electric-Powered Hand Tools Sold Separately Excluding Battery-Powered Types in Japan

The 2011-2016 Outlook for Parts, Attachments, and Accessories for Electric-Powered Hand Tools Sold Separately Excluding Battery-Powered Types in Japan Review



This econometric study covers the latent demand outlook for parts, attachments, and accessories for electric-powered hand tools sold separately excluding battery-powered types across the prefectures and cities of Japan. Latent demand (in millions of U.S. dollars), or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.) estimates are given across some 1,000 cities in Japan. For each city in question, the percent share the city is of it's prefecture and of Japan is reported. These comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a city vis-a-vis others. This statistical approach can prove very useful to distribution and/or sales force strategies. Using econometric models which project fundamental economic dynamics within each prefecture and city, latent demand estimates are created for parts, attachments, and accessories for electric-powered hand tools sold separately excluding battery-powered types. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved.

This study does not report actual sales data (which are simply unavailable, in a comparable or consistent manner in virtually all of the cities in Japan). This study gives, however, my estimates for the latent demand, or the P.I.E., for parts, attachments, and accessories for electric-powered hand tools sold separately excluding battery-powered types in Japan. It also shows how the P.I.E. is divided and concentrated across the cities and regional markets of Japan. For each prefecture, I also show my estimates of how the P.I.E. grows over time. In order to make these estimates, a multi-stage methodology was employed that is often taught in courses on strategic planning at graduate schools of business.


Friday, December 23, 2011

The 2009-2014 Outlook for Consumer Non-Riding Electric and Battery-Powered Lawnmowers in Greater China

The 2009-2014 Outlook for Consumer Non-Riding Electric and Battery-Powered Lawnmowers in Greater China Review



This econometric study covers the latent demand outlook for consumer non-riding electric and battery-powered lawnmowers across the regions of Greater China, including provinces, autonomous regions (Guangxi, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Xizang - Tibet), municipalities (Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, and Tianjin), special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and Taiwan (all hereafter referred to as "regions"). Latent demand (in millions of U.S. dollars), or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.) estimates are given across some 1,100 cities in Greater China. For each major city in question, the percent share the city is of the region and of Greater China is reported. Each major city is defined as an area of "economic population", as opposed to the demographic population within a legal geographic boundary. For many cities, the economic population is much larger that the population within the city limits; this is especially true for the cities of the Western regions. For the coastal regions, cities which are close to other major cities or which represent, by themselves, a high percent of the regional population, actual city-level population is closer to the economic population (e.g. in Beijing). Based on this "economic" definition of population, comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a city's marketing and distribution value vis-a-vis others. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved.


Thursday, December 22, 2011

The 2009-2014 Outlook for Electric Hand Belt Sanders Excluding Battery-Powered Types in Greater China

The 2009-2014 Outlook for Electric Hand Belt Sanders Excluding Battery-Powered Types in Greater China Review



This econometric study covers the latent demand outlook for electric hand belt sanders excluding battery-powered types across the regions of Greater China, including provinces, autonomous regions (Guangxi, Nei Mongol, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Xizang - Tibet), municipalities (Beijing, Chongqing, Shanghai, and Tianjin), special administrative regions (Hong Kong and Macau), and Taiwan (all hereafter referred to as "regions"). Latent demand (in millions of U.S. dollars), or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.) estimates are given across some 1,100 cities in Greater China. For each major city in question, the percent share the city is of the region and of Greater China is reported. Each major city is defined as an area of "economic population", as opposed to the demographic population within a legal geographic boundary. For many cities, the economic population is much larger that the population within the city limits; this is especially true for the cities of the Western regions. For the coastal regions, cities which are close to other major cities or which represent, by themselves, a high percent of the regional population, actual city-level population is closer to the economic population (e.g. in Beijing). Based on this "economic" definition of population, comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a city's marketing and distribution value vis-a-vis others. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved.


Tuesday, December 20, 2011

The 2009 Report on Operator Riding, Self-Propelled, and Electric Motor-Powered Work Trucks: World Market Segmentation by City

The 2009 Report on Operator Riding, Self-Propelled, and Electric Motor-Powered Work Trucks: World Market Segmentation by City Review



This report was created for global strategic planners who cannot be content with traditional methods of segmenting world markets. With the advent of a "borderless world", cities become a more important criteria in prioritizing markets, as opposed to regions, continents, or countries. This report covers the top 2000 cities in over 200 countries. It does so by reporting the estimated market size (in terms of latent demand) for each major city of the world. It then ranks these cities and reports them in terms of their size as a percent of the country where they are located, their geographic region (e.g. Africa, Asia, Europe, Middle East, North America, Latin America), and the total world market.

In performing various economic analyses for its clients, I have been occasionally asked to investigate the market potential for various products and services across cities. The purpose of the studies is to understand the density of demand within a country and the extent to which a city might be used as a point of distribution within its region. From an economic perspective, however, a city does not represent a population within rigid geographical boundaries. To an economist or strategic planner, a city represents an area of dominant influence over markets in adjacent areas. This influence varies from one industry to another, but also from one period of time to another.

In what follows, I summarize the economic potential for the world's major cities for "operator riding, self-propelled, and electric motor-powered work trucks" for the year 2009. The goal of this report is to report my findings on the real economic potential, or what an economist calls the latent demand, represented by a city when defined as an area of dominant influence. The reader needs to realize that latent demand may or may not represent real sales.


Monday, December 19, 2011

Electric-powered ATVs: Italian company hopes to bring them to the U.S. market.(ATV)(Geo Vehicles): An article from: Powersports Business

Electric-powered ATVs: Italian company hopes to bring them to the U.S. market.(ATV)(Geo Vehicles): An article from: Powersports Business Review



This digital document is an article from Powersports Business, published by Thomson Gale on April 24, 2006. The length of the article is 810 words. The page length shown above is based on a typical 300-word page. The article is delivered in HTML format and is available in your Amazon.com Digital Locker immediately after purchase. You can view it with any web browser.

Citation Details
Title: Electric-powered ATVs: Italian company hopes to bring them to the U.S. market.(ATV)(Geo Vehicles)
Author: John Fitzgerald
Publication:Powersports Business (Magazine/Journal)
Date: April 24, 2006
Publisher: Thomson Gale
Volume: 9 Issue: 6 Page: 22(1)

Distributed by Thomson Gale


Sunday, December 18, 2011

The 2011-2016 World Outlook for Operator Riding, Self-Propelled, Electric Motor-Powered Work Trucks and Tractors Not Fitted with Lifting or Handling Equipment

The 2011-2016 World Outlook for Operator Riding, Self-Propelled, Electric Motor-Powered Work Trucks and Tractors Not Fitted with Lifting or Handling Equipment Review



This econometric study covers the world outlook for operator riding, self-propelled, electric motor-powered work trucks and tractors not fitted with lifting or handling equipment across more than 200 countries. For each year reported, estimates are given for the latent demand, or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.), for the country in question (in millions of U.S. dollars), the percent share the country is of the region and of the globe. These comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a country vis-a-vis others. Using econometric models which project fundamental economic dynamics within each country and across countries, latent demand estimates are created. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved.

This study does not report actual sales data (which are simply unavailable, in a comparable or consistent manner in virtually all of the 230 countries of the world). This study gives, however, my estimates for the worldwide latent demand, or the P.I.E., for operator riding, self-propelled, electric motor-powered work trucks and tractors not fitted with lifting or handling equipment. It also shows how the P.I.E. is divided across the world's regional and national markets. For each country, I also show my estimates of how the P.I.E. grows over time (positive or negative growth). In order to make these estimates, a multi-stage methodology was employed that is often taught in courses on international strategic planning at graduate schools of business.


The 2011-2016 Outlook for Oil-, Solid Fuel-, and Electric-Powered Boilers in the United States

The 2011-2016 Outlook for Oil-, Solid Fuel-, and Electric-Powered Boilers in the United States Review



This econometric study covers the latent demand outlook for oil-, solid fuel-, and electric-powered boilers across the states and cities of the United States. Latent demand (in millions of U.S. dollars), or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.) estimates are given across some 13,000 cities in the United States. For each city in question, the percent share the city is of it's state and of the United States is reported. These comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a city vis-a-vis others. This statistical approach can prove very useful to distribution and/or sales force strategies. Using econometric models which project fundamental economic dynamics within each state and city, latent demand estimates are created for oil-, solid fuel-, and electric-powered boilers. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved.

This study does not report actual sales data (which are simply unavailable, in a comparable or consistent manner in virtually all of the cities in the United States). This study gives, however, my estimates for the latent demand, or the P.I.E., for oil-, solid fuel-, and electric-powered boilers in the United States. It also shows how the P.I.E. is divided and concentrated across the cities and regional markets of the United States. For each state, I also show my estimates of how the P.I.E. grows over time. In order to make these estimates, a multi-stage methodology was employed that is often taught in courses on strategic planning at graduate schools of business.


Saturday, December 17, 2011

The 2011-2016 World Outlook for Operator Riding, Self-Propelled, and Electric Motor-Powered Work Trucks

The 2011-2016 World Outlook for Operator Riding, Self-Propelled, and Electric Motor-Powered Work Trucks Review



This econometric study covers the world outlook for operator riding, self-propelled, and electric motor-powered work trucks across more than 200 countries. For each year reported, estimates are given for the latent demand, or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.), for the country in question (in millions of U.S. dollars), the percent share the country is of the region and of the globe. These comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a country vis-a-vis others. Using econometric models which project fundamental economic dynamics within each country and across countries, latent demand estimates are created. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved.

This study does not report actual sales data (which are simply unavailable, in a comparable or consistent manner in virtually all of the 230 countries of the world). This study gives, however, my estimates for the worldwide latent demand, or the P.I.E., for operator riding, self-propelled, and electric motor-powered work trucks. It also shows how the P.I.E. is divided across the world's regional and national markets. For each country, I also show my estimates of how the P.I.E. grows over time (positive or negative growth). In order to make these estimates, a multi-stage methodology was employed that is often taught in courses on international strategic planning at graduate schools of business.


Friday, December 16, 2011

The 2006-2011 World Outlook for Oil-, Solid Fuel-, and Electric-Powered Boilers

The 2006-2011 World Outlook for Oil-, Solid Fuel-, and Electric-Powered Boilers Review



WHAT IS LATENT DEMAND AND THE P.I.E.?

The concept of latent demand is rather subtle. The term latent typically refers to something that is dormant, not observable, or not yet realized. Demand is the notion of an economic quantity that a target population or market requires under different assumptions of price, quality, and distribution, among other factors. Latent demand, therefore, is commonly defined by economists as the industry earnings of a market when that market becomes accessible and attractive to serve by competing firms. It is a measure, therefore, of potential industry earnings (P.I.E.) or total revenues (not profit) if a market is served in an efficient manner. It is typically expressed as the total revenues potentially extracted by firms. The “market” is defined at a given level in the value chain. There can be latent demand at the retail level, at the wholesale level, the manufacturing level, and the raw materials level (the P.I.E. of higher levels of the value chain being always smaller than the P.I.E. of levels at lower levels of the same value chain, assuming all levels maintain minimum profitability).

The latent demand for oil-, solid fuel-, and electric-powered boilers is not actual or historic sales. Nor is latent demand future sales. In fact, latent demand can be lower either lower or higher than actual sales if a market is inefficient (i.e., not representative of relatively competitive levels). Inefficiencies arise from a number of factors, including the lack of international openness, cultural barriers to consumption, regulations, and cartel-like behavior on the part of firms. In general, however, latent demand is typically larger than actual sales in a country market.

For reasons discussed later, this report does not consider the notion of “unit quantities”, only total latent revenues (i.e., a calculation of price times quantity is never made, though one is implied). The units used in this repo


Wednesday, December 14, 2011

The 2009-2014 World Outlook for Oil-, Solid Fuel-, and Electric-Powered Boilers

The 2009-2014 World Outlook for Oil-, Solid Fuel-, and Electric-Powered Boilers Review



This econometric study covers the world outlook for oil-, solid fuel-, and electric-powered boilers across more than 200 countries. For each year reported, estimates are given for the latent demand, or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.), for the country in question (in millions of U.S. dollars), the percent share the country is of the region and of the globe. These comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a country vis-à-vis others. Using econometric models which project fundamental economic dynamics within each country and across countries, latent demand estimates are created. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved. This study does not report actual sales data (which are simply unavailable, in a comparable or consistent manner in virtually all of the 230 countries of the world). This study gives, however, my estimates for the worldwide latent demand, or the P.I.E., for oil-, solid fuel-, and electric-powered boilers. It also shows how the P.I.E. is divided across the world's regional and national markets. For each country, I also show my estimates of how the P.I.E. grows over time (positive or negative growth). In order to make these estimates, a multi-stage methodology was employed that is often taught in courses on international strategic planning at graduate schools of business.


Tuesday, December 13, 2011

The 2009-2014 World Outlook for Electric Screwdrivers and Nut-Runners Excluding Battery-Powered Types

The 2009-2014 World Outlook for Electric Screwdrivers and Nut-Runners Excluding Battery-Powered Types Review



This econometric study covers the world outlook for electric screwdrivers and nut-runners excluding battery-powered types across more than 200 countries. For each year reported, estimates are given for the latent demand, or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.), for the country in question (in millions of U.S. dollars), the percent share the country is of the region and of the globe. These comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a country vis-a-vis others. Using econometric models which project fundamental economic dynamics within each country and across countries, latent demand estimates are created. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved. This study does not report actual sales data (which are simply unavailable, in a comparable or consistent manner in virtually all of the 230 countries of the world). This study gives, however, my estimates for the worldwide latent demand, or the P.I.E., for electric screwdrivers and nut-runners excluding battery-powered types. It also shows how the P.I.E. is divided across the world's regional and national markets. For each country, I also show my estimates of how the P.I.E. grows over time (positive or negative growth). In order to make these estimates, a multi-stage methodology was employed that is often taught in courses on international strategic planning at graduate schools of business.


Friday, December 9, 2011

The 2009-2014 World Outlook for Parts, Attachments, and Accessories for Electric-Powered Hand Tools Sold Separately Excluding Battery-Powered Types

The 2009-2014 World Outlook for Parts, Attachments, and Accessories for Electric-Powered Hand Tools Sold Separately Excluding Battery-Powered Types Review



This econometric study covers the world outlook for parts, attachments, and accessories for electric-powered hand tools sold separately excluding battery-powered types across more than 200 countries. For each year reported, estimates are given for the latent demand, or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.), for the country in question (in millions of U.S. dollars), the percent share the country is of the region and of the globe. These comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a country vis-à-vis others. Using econometric models which project fundamental economic dynamics within each country and across countries, latent demand estimates are created. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved. This study does not report actual sales data (which are simply unavailable, in a comparable or consistent manner in virtually all of the 230 countries of the world). This study gives, however, my estimates for the worldwide latent demand, or the P.I.E., for parts, attachments, and accessories for electric-powered hand tools sold separately excluding battery-powered types. It also shows how the P.I.E. is divided across the world's regional and national markets. For each country, I also show my estimates of how the P.I.E. grows over time (positive or negative growth). In order to make these estimates, a multi-stage methodology was employed that is often taught in courses on international strategic planning at graduate schools of business.