Characterization of the magnetic nozzle region of high powered electric propulsion thrusters using numerical simulation, RF interferometry and electrostatic probes.

Characterization of the magnetic nozzle region of high powered electric propulsion thrusters using numerical simulation, RF interferometry and electrostatic probes. Review

Experimental results are presented from the plume of a high powered (200 kW) DC plasma gun emitting into an applied magnetic nozzle. The plasma source operated on helium and hydrogen and was attached to a large (3 m x 5 m) vacuum chamber kept at low background pressure (<2x10-6 Torr). Density profiles, electron temperature and ion velocity are measured in a region where the ratio of plasma kinetic pressure to magnetic pressure was 8 = 0.2--20. Numerical simulations are employed to compare experimental results with theoretical predictions of plasma detaching from magnetic fields. Significant particle deviation from confining magnetic fields was found for conditions approximating beta > 1 in accordance with magnetic detachment theory. Unique accomplishments of this research include detailed measurements of propulsion-appropriate plasmas exiting a magnetic nozzle and transitioning from beta < 1 to beta > 1. This region is of particular interest for magnetized plasma thrusters since inefficient magnetic detachment may result in a serious efficiency penalty for their use in proposed in-space propulsion systems. Nozzle efficiency estimates are provided based on simulated and measured experiment conditions. In particular, an optimized magnetic nozzle condition is found that theoretically improves nozzle efficiency by 10% over the standard magnetic dipole condition. Plasma diagnostics are utilized, including microwave interferometers and Langmuir triple probes. Diagnostic theory is reviewed for these tools, specifically for the conditions found in this experiment. Prior theory was sometimes found inapplicable to the experimental conditions, particularly in the case of a Langmuir triple probe in a flowing plasma. To make up for inadequacies in standard theory, numerical simulations were conducted to find calibration factors for the appropriate experimental conditions. In addition, a new measurement methodology is developed utilizing electrostatic probes and microwave interferometers in tandem. Detailed density profiles were collected using this method, and a comprehensive error analysis was conducted. The error in density measurements was determined to be much lower than the error in electrostatic probe measurements, and on the order of microwave interferometer uncertainty---as low as 10%.

The 2011 Report on Operator Riding, Self-Propelled, Internal Combustion Engine and Other Non-Electric-Powered Work Trucks and Tractors Not Fitted with ... Equipment: World Market Segmentation by City

The 2011 Report on Operator Riding, Self-Propelled, Internal Combustion Engine and Other Non-Electric-Powered Work Trucks and Tractors Not Fitted with ... Equipment: World Market Segmentation by City Review

This report was created for global strategic planners who cannot be content with traditional methods of segmenting world markets. With the advent of a "borderless world", cities become a more important criteria in prioritizing markets, as opposed to regions, continents, or countries. This report covers the top 2000 cities in over 200 countries. It does so by reporting the estimated market size (in terms of latent demand) for each major city of the world. It then ranks these cities and reports them in terms of their size as a percent of the country where they are located, their geographic region (e.g. Africa, Asia, Europe, Middle East, North America, Latin America), and the total world market.

In performing various economic analyses for its clients, I have been occasionally asked to investigate the market potential for various products and services across cities. The purpose of the studies is to understand the density of demand within a country and the extent to which a city might be used as a point of distribution within its region. From an economic perspective, however, a city does not represent a population within rigid geographical boundaries. To an economist or strategic planner, a city represents an area of dominant influence over markets in adjacent areas. This influence varies from one industry to another, but also from one period of time to another.

In what follows, I summarize the economic potential for the world's major cities for "operator riding, self-propelled, internal combustion engine and other non-electric-powered work trucks and tractors not fitted with lifting and handling equipment" for the year 2011. The goal of this report is to report my findings on the real economic potential, or what an economist calls the latent demand, represented by a city when defined as an area of dominant influence. The reader needs to realize that latent demand may or may not represent real sales.

The Electric Vehicle Conversion Handbook HP1568

The Electric Vehicle Conversion Handbook HP1568 Review

A guide on how to convert any gas- or diesel-powered vehicle to electric power. Includes ownership advantages, basic EV operation, subsystems, components, basic EV operation, project vehicles, and conversion kits.

V2G-101: A text about Vehicle-to-Grid, the technology which enables a future of clean and efficient electric-powered transportation.

V2G-101: A text about Vehicle-to-Grid, the technology which enables a future of clean and efficient electric-powered transportation. Review

V2G-101 is a text that explains how electric drive cars can interact with the electric grid to improve reliability and earn an income. It answers many commonly asked questions about electric vehicles (EVs) including, Are they cleaner than gas-powered cars? How do they make money? Are they less expensive to operate? How can the government help along this new technology? What EVs are coming to market? How do EVs and renewables fit together? What is a HEV, PHEV and NEV? The text includes detailed examples and calculations, related news articles, chapter summaries and review questions, and a 135-car appendix of electric cars past, present and coming in the future.

The 2009-2014 World Outlook for Electric Hand Chain Saws Excluding Battery-Powered Types

The 2009-2014 World Outlook for Electric Hand Chain Saws Excluding Battery-Powered Types Review

This econometric study covers the world outlook for electric hand chain saws excluding battery-powered types across more than 200 countries. For each year reported, estimates are given for the latent demand, or potential industry earnings (P.I.E.), for the country in question (in millions of U.S. dollars), the percent share the country is of the region and of the globe. These comparative benchmarks allow the reader to quickly gauge a country vis-a-vis others. Using econometric models which project fundamental economic dynamics within each country and across countries, latent demand estimates are created. This report does not discuss the specific players in the market serving the latent demand, nor specific details at the product level. The study also does not consider short-term cyclicalities that might affect realized sales. The study, therefore, is strategic in nature, taking an aggregate and long-run view, irrespective of the players or products involved. This study does not report actual sales data (which are simply unavailable, in a comparable or consistent manner in virtually all of the 230 countries of the world). This study gives, however, my estimates for the worldwide latent demand, or the P.I.E., for electric hand chain saws excluding battery-powered types. It also shows how the P.I.E. is divided across the world's regional and national markets. For each country, I also show my estimates of how the P.I.E. grows over time (positive or negative growth). In order to make these estimates, a multi-stage methodology was employed that is often taught in courses on international strategic planning at graduate schools of business.

The World Market for Rail Locomotives Powered by Electric Accumulators or Batteries: A 2011 Global Trade Perspective

The World Market for Rail Locomotives Powered by Electric Accumulators or Batteries: A 2011 Global Trade Perspective Review

This report was created for strategic planners, international executives and import/export managers who are concerned with the market for rail locomotives powered by electric accumulators or batteries. With the globalization of this market, managers can no longer be contented with a local view. Nor can managers be contented with out-of-date statistics that appear several years after the fact. I have developed a methodology, based on macroeconomic and trade models, to estimate the market for rail locomotives powered by electric accumulators or batteries for those countries serving the world market via exports or supplying from various countries via imports. I do so for the current year based on a variety of key historical indicators and econometric models.

On the demand side, exporters and strategic planners approaching the world market face a number of questions. Which countries are supplying rail locomotives powered by electric accumulators or batteries? What is the dollar value of these imports? How much do the imports of rail locomotives powered by electric accumulators or batteries vary from one country to another? Do exporters serving the world market have similar market shares across the importing countries? Which countries supply the most exports of rail locomotives powered by electric accumulators or batteries? Which countries are buying their exports? What is the value of these exports and which countries are the largest buyers?